CHEMSTEM
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  • Page 1: Introduction to Chemistry
  • Page 2: Atoms, Compounds, and the Mole
  • Page 3: Chemical Reactions, Quantities, and Equations. Stoichiometry. Gases.
  • Page 4: Thermochemistry, Chemical Kinetics, and Chemical Equilibrium.
  • Page 5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Quantum Mechanics, and the Electron.
  • Page 6: Periodic Trends, Lewis Structures, Polarity/IMF, and VSEPR Theory
  • Page 7: Solutions, Molarity, & Dilution. Acids & Bases.
  • Page 8: Nuclear Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Reduction/Oxidation Reactions
  • Page 9: Biochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Material Science and Engineering
  • Additional Files
  • Oceanography Resources
  • More Chem Resources

Molarity & Dilutions

The molarity equation. Be sure the solute is in moles, not grams; you may have to convert. The volume of the solution must be in liters for the equation. 
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The dilution equation. Initial concentration (molarity) times initial volume is equal to the final concentration times final volume. They are inversely related. 
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+ Molarity
+ Molarity (2018 Update)
Molarity Practice Problems, Part 1 (Tyler DeWitt)
Molarity Practice Problems, Part 2 (Tyler DeWitt)
Molarity (Professor Dave Explains)
+ Dilution Calculations
Dilution Examples (The Chemistry Solution)
Molarity Video Guide
File Size: 91 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

Solubility

Mr. Lee says: "Like dissolves like" is a phrase that means polar substances (like water) are good are dissolving other polar substances (like alcohol) or ionic compounds (like NaCl). This relates to intermolecular forces that exist between molecules.
Other examples of polar/ionic substances mixed into polar solvents:
- Ammonia in water
- Potassium iodide in water
- Dichloromethane in alcohol

Water (polar) and oil (non-polar) do NOT mix because they are not alike in terms of polarity. 
Solubility and Polarity
How to Read Solubility Curves
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When two aqueous solutions are mixed, and a reaction occurs that generates a solid (often times a double-replacement reaction), the resulting solid that often "falls" is called a precipitate. 
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In this example (which is not the same as the animated picture), two aqueous solutions are mixed and a DR reaction occurs. One of the products of the reaction (barium sulfate) is not soluble, and thus precipitates out as a solid.

Acids and Bases

In the general high school chemistry curriculum, only strong acids and bases (with ~100% dissociation) are considered for calculations.
KHAN ACADEMY ARTICLE: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/acids-and-bases/a/ph-poh-and-the-ph-scale 
Introduction to Acids, Bases, and pH (Bozeman Science)
What is pH and How to Calculate it (Socratica)
Calculating pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-] (Intro) 
Calculating pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-] Practice
+ Acids and Bases notes (Part 1)
+ Acids and Bases notes (Part 2)
+ Acids and Bases notes (Part 3)
+ Acids and Bases notes (Part 4)
+ Acids and Bases notes (Part 5)
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pH and pOH (Crash Course Chemistry)
Acid-Base Neutralization
When you mix an acid and a base, they neutralize each other and two products are created: One is a salt (ionic compound) and the other is water. 
Example #1: HCl + NaOH --> NaCl (the salt) + HOH (water)
Example #2: HBr + KOH --> KBr (the salt) + HOH (water)
Introduction to Naming Acids
+ Acid / Base Titration (Neutralization) Example
Acid-Base Titration
Setting up and Performing an Acid-Base Titration
Titration Calculations
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