Page 3: Chemical Reactions, Quantities, and Equations. Stoichiometry. Gases.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions

Mr. Lee says: The Activity (Reactivity) Series allows us to see which elements are "stronger" or more reactive, and that can replace other elements in reactions. The higher an element is on the chart, the more reactive it is. This means it is likely able to "kick out" an element that is in a compound. We see this clearly with single replacement reactions.

Adding pure magnesium to a solution of HCl will produce a single-replacement reaction (giving magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas) because Mg is more reactive than H, so Mg will kick H out of the compound, and take its place.

+ Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions, Part 1 - Basic/Introductory

+ Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions, Part 2 - Basic/Introductory

Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions (Mahan Chem)

Predicting Products of Chemical Reactions (John Michael Hammond)

Balancing Equations

Why do equations need to be balanced? The Law of Conservation of Mass!

Intro to Balancing Chemical Equations (Khan Academy)

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balancing Chemical Equations Tutorial, Part 1 (TheChemistrySolution)

Balancing Chemical Equations Tutorial, Part II (TheChemistrySolution)

+ Balancing Chemical Equations Trick: The "2-3 Switch"
(Also usually works with 2-5)

Balancing Complex Chemical Equations with Polyatomic Ions

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

Intro to Percent Composition

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Percent Composition by Mass Calculations

+ Calculating Percent Composition of an Element in a Compound

Percent Composition

+ Introduction to Empirical Formulas

Empirical Formulas (Tyler DeWitt)

+ Determining The Molecular (True) Formula from Empirical Formula & Molar Mass

Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas: Using Percent Composition

Another Example: Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula (Brightstorm)

Percent Yield

+ Percent Yield (3 Examples)

+ Percent Yield: Solving for Mass (2018 Update)

Percent Yield (The Chemistry Solution)

Stoichiometry

What is Stoichiometry?

Stoichiometry Basic (with lots of example) (The Organic Chemistry Tutor)

Introduction to Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry Tutorial (Bozeman Science)

+ Stoichiometry: Mass A to Mass B, Example 1
Grams A to Moles A, Moles A to Moles B, Moles B to Grams B

+ Stoichiometry: Mass A to Mass B, Example 2
Grams A to Moles A, Moles A to Moles B, Moles B to Grams B

+ Stoichiometry of Gas-Phase Reactions at STP (Volume-to-Volume)
1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L of volume at STP

+ Combustion Stoichiometry Example 1: Given Mass of Combusting Compound; Non-Given Formula
A Gas (at STP) is Involved

+ Combustion Stoichiometry Example 2: Given Mass of Combusting Compound; Non-Given Formula
A Gas (at STP) is Involved

+ Mixed Stoichiometry Example 2
Gas is Produced at STP via a Chemical Reaction with Metal and Acid

+ More Mixed Stoichiometry (Two Examples, including use of Avogadro's # for Particles and STP Gas Volume)

Stoichiometry Example 1 (KhanAcademy)

Stoichiometry Example 2 (KhanAcademy)

Gas Laws & Pressure

+ Kinetic Energy

First of all: Indirect (A1B1=A2B2) vs. Direct (C1/D1=C2/D2) Proportions

Second of all: The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

Third of all: Pressure and Pressure Units: atm, kPa, torr, and mmHg
1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 torr = 1 mmHg
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg

Pressure Units and Conversions: atm, kPa, torr, and mmHg

Avogadro's Gas Law

. Pressure and Volume: Boyle's Law (constant temperature) (Tyler DeWitt)
The term for constant temperature is isothermic. Iso- means "same" or "one" and -thermic means temperature. The animation to the left represents Boyle's Law. For a gas, the relationship between P and V is inverse.

Boyle's Law (Brightstorm)

Boyle's Law (Socratica)

Volume and Temperature: Charles' Law (constant pressure) (Tyler DeWitt)
The term for constant pressure is isobaric. -baric means pressure. The animation to the left represents Charles' Law. For a gas, the relationship between V and T is direct.

Charles' Law (Brightstorm)

Charles' Law (Socratica)

Pressure and Temperature: Guy-Lussac's Law (constant volume) (Tyler DeWitt)
The term for constant volume is isovolumetric. The animation to the left represents Gay-Lussac's law. For a gas, the relationship is direct between P and T.

The Combined Gas Law

+ The Combined Gas Law

The Combined Gas Law (Tyler DeWitt)

Rearranging the Combined Gas Law (Tyler DeWitt)
Please be careful when using the combined gas law so that you don't violate math rules or make mistakes.

The Combined Gas Law (Brightstorm)

The Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

The Ideal Gas Law (Crash Course)

The Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

The Ideal Gas Law: Where does "R" come from, and which one do I use?
(The "R" you use depends on the pressure only!)
If you have atm, use 0.0821  atm L / (mol K)
   If you have kPa, use 8.314  kpa L / (mol K)
   If you have torr (or mmHg), it's easiest to just convert the torr or mmHg to atm and use 0.0821  atm L / (mol K)

Another Ideal Gas Law Example

The Ideal Gas Law: Solving for Number of Moles

Ideal Gas Law Stoichiometry: Calculating Moles first, then Grams

Gas Density

Density of a Gas at STP
Calculating the density of a gas at STP is simple: Divide the molar mass of the gas by 22.4.

+ Density of an Ideal Gas

Advanced: Calculating Gas Density using the Ideal Gas Law (Tyler DeWitt)

Advanced: Calculating Gas Density using the Ideal Gas Law (The Chemist Nate)

Gases in Motion: Gas Effusion/Diffusion; Kinetic Molecular Theory

Lighter gases move from one area to another more quickly (on average) than heavier gases. The relationship is non-linear, but rather it is an inverse-square proportion, according to the equation for kinetic energy.